HomeExtradition between Dubai and the United Kingdom
The interaction between Dubai and the United Kingdom on matters of extradition is governed by a bilateral extradition treaty signed in 2008. This treaty defines the conditions and procedures for the transfer of individuals for prosecution or execution of a sentence. This agreement reflects the deepening cooperation between the UAE and the United Kingdom in combating financial crimes, cybercrime, and other serious offences of an international scale.
Nevertheless, there are concerns related to extradition laws in Dubai, as the UAE authorities are known for frequently using Interpol red notices, often against individuals with unsettled debts or for political reasons.
British courts have also criticised the UAE government for insufficient participation in international agreements, lack of guarantees regarding detention conditions, and concerns about the fairness of judicial proceedings. Furthermore, many people are unaware of the risks associated with extradition from Dubai, including potential human rights violations.
For the requested individuals, it is extremely important to understand the provisions of extradition law between the United Kingdom and the UAE and to enlist the support of qualified lawyers for their defence. The official extradition treaty clearly outlines the conditions for extradition, possible grounds for refusal, and legal guarantees for those facing transfer. Our lawyers analyse each case in accordance with the provisions of the treaty, ensuring the protection of clients’ rights at all stages of the process.
The process of extradition between the UAE and the United Kingdom
Extradition from Dubai to the United Kingdom represents a legal process of transferring an accused or convicted person from one country to another for criminal prosecution or serving a sentence. This procedure is regulated by international law, official extradition treaties, and mutual agreements, including the treaty between the United Kingdom and the UAE, as well as similar bilateral agreements with other states.
Are there extradition laws in Dubai?
Yes, Dubai’s extradition legislation allows for cooperation between the United Arab Emirates and other countries under certain conditions.
The extradition of individuals between Dubai and the United Kingdom is carried out for crimes that meet specific criteria:
- The principle of double criminality: The act must be recognised as a crime in both countries.
- Severity of punishment: The crime must be punishable by imprisonment for a term of no less than one year.
- Threat to society: A crime must pose a threat to public safety or violate the rule of law.
- The absence of a political nature: The crime must not be political, and the request must not imply persecution on political grounds.
- Protection from torture: A person must not be subjected to torture or degrading punishment in the requesting country.
- Exclusion of the death penalty: A crime cannot be punishable by the death penalty.
Protection of own citizens: Extradition of own citizens may be refused.
Extradition between the UAE and the United Kingdom, as well as other Middle Eastern countries, is provided for serious crimes such as murder and attempted murder, financial fraud, money laundering, corruption, bribery, embezzlement, production and distribution of drugs, terrorism, cyber fraud and financial crimes.
Due to differences in legal systems, interaction between the UAE and the United Kingdom can be complex. The UAE uses a mixed legal system, incorporating elements of civil law and Islamic Sharia, which distinguishes it from other countries in the region. At the same time, the United Kingdom, as a Commonwealth country, operates within the framework of common law.
Stages of submitting an extradition request
- Information gathering: The initial stage includes collecting comprehensive information about the requested individual: full name, date and place of birth, citizenship, photographs and biometric data, as well as determining their location.
- Legal basis: A mandatory condition is the presence of a valid national arrest warrant or a court decision confirming the necessity of detaining the person.
- Preparation of documents: It is necessary to compile a detailed description of the committed crime (dates, locations, circumstances), collect and systematise all evidence of guilt with references to the relevant articles of legislation.
- Translation and legalisation: All documents must be translated into the official language of the requested country (Arabic for UAE, English for the United Kingdom), as well as certified and legalised in accordance with international standards.
- Submission of the request: The official extradition request is approved by the Ministry of Justice and sent through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or via diplomatic channels to the requested state.
- Preliminary check: The Ministry of Justice of the requested party conducts an initial review of the request for compliance with national legislation and international obligations.
- Judicial review: In the case of a positive assessment, the case is transferred to the competent court of the UAE (most often in Abu Dhabi), which examines the legality of the request, checks for double criminality, and assesses whether extradition violates human rights.
- Decision-making and appeal: The court makes a decision on the admissibility of extradition. In the case of a positive decision, it is sent for approval to higher judicial instances. The accused party has the right to appeal the court’s decision within the time limits established by law.
- Transfer of the person: After exhausting all legal remedies and the final approval of the decision, the competent authorities of the UAE will organise the transfer of the person to representatives of the United Kingdom.
The legal framework regulating extradition
In April 2008, the United Kingdom and the UAE signed a bilateral Extradition Treaty, which only came into force in 2016. This official agreement establishes clear legal frameworks for the extradition process and defines the obligations of the parties in cooperation to combat crime.
In the United Kingdom, extradition matters are regulated by the Extradition Act 2003. This Act establishes the procedures for extradition proceedings, the rights of individuals subject to a request, and the criteria by which extradition may be refused. Extradition cannot be carried out if it contradicts the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
In the UAE, extradition is regulated by Federal Law No. 39 of 2006 on International Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters. This UAE law defines the conditions and procedures for extradition, as well as cooperation with other states. The UAE may refuse to extradite its citizens or in cases where there are concerns about human rights violations. Extradition requests are also subject to judicial review in the competent courts of the UAE.
Both countries are parties to several international treaties affecting the extradition process:
- UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000);
- UN Convention against Corruption (2003);
- European Convention on Extradition (for the United Kingdom).
These conventions complement the bilateral agreement and national laws, providing a broader legal framework for cooperation.
Cases of extradition between the UAE and the United Kingdom
Leon Cullen, known as one of the leaders of the Liverpool crime syndicate, fled to the UAE in 2018 in an attempt to evade British justice. Cullen headed an organised group involved in large-scale arms and drug trafficking, including the supply of Kalashnikov rifles and cocaine worth millions of pounds. In January 2020, Cullen was arrested in Dubai thanks to the coordinated efforts of law enforcement agencies in the UAE and the United Kingdom.
This arrest became possible thanks to the enhanced cooperation of the two countries in combating transnational crime. In February 2021, Cullen was extradited to the United Kingdom, which became an important step in strengthening mechanisms of international legal assistance. His case attracted wide attention as one of the most striking examples of successful extradition from the UAE.
In July 2021, the Liverpool Crown Court sentenced Leon Cullen to 22.5 years of imprisonment. This case demonstrated the effectiveness of international cooperation and the UAE’s willingness to assist in capturing dangerous criminals, becoming a symbol of the growing partnership between the countries.
Problems in the extradition process
The main obstacle in the extradition process between the United Kingdom and the UAE is the differences in legal systems. The United Kingdom operates within the framework of common law, while the UAE incorporates elements of Sharia law. This can lead to legal disagreements and complications.
The Carnegie Endowment report notes that Dubai has a reputation as a place attractive for criminal operations, investments, and residence. This is facilitated by weak regulation, law enforcement, and investment opportunities oriented towards foreigners.
Unfortunately, the UAE increasingly uses extradition and Interpol red notices for political purposes or to detain debtors. In response, Interpol introduced a rule whereby red notices for unpaid cheques are issued only for amounts exceeding $10,000. Furthermore, in the UAE, red notices are issued to individuals who have fallen into political disfavour.
British courts are reluctant to extradite British citizens to the Emirates following the case of Lodhi v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, during which the courts heard numerous horrifying testimonies of torture and inhumane treatment in detention, raising concerns about safety.
The influence on criminals in the UAE
Previously, criminals considered the UAE as a country without extradition and a safe haven from British justice. However, after the signing of an official treaty, the likelihood of extradition has significantly increased, and fugitives can no longer be confident in their impunity.
The extradition agreement acts as a powerful deterrent. Criminals engaged in illegal activities with international partners now risk not only the loss of assets but also extradition. The authorities of the UAE and the United Kingdom can more easily track and block the assets of wanted individuals, which significantly undermines their activities.
The role of Interpol in matters of extradition
Interpol is an international criminal police organisation that helps coordinate and expedite the extradition process. Thanks to its global network and notification system, Interpol facilitates the capture of individuals evading justice.
The I-24/7 platform, INTERPOL’s secure communication system, allows law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom and the UAE to exchange information in real time. To facilitate the process, INTERPOL uses a series of notices, each intended for specific purposes.
Expert legal support
If you want to learn more, seek qualified legal assistance from international lawyers with the necessary experience to provide comprehensive support to clients in extradition cases. Our specialists conduct a detailed analysis of all aspects of the case, including the grounds for the request, applicable legal standards, and potential obstacles to extradition.
Lawyers thoroughly examine all possible grounds for refusal of extradition and formulate evidence-backed arguments for the court. We use all available legal mechanisms to protect the rights of our clients.
In the case of an unfavourable court decision, our lawyers will help prepare an appeal. We thoroughly analyse the decision, identifying possible errors, and formulate arguments for the appeal complaint. When interacting with Interpol, we provide support in challenging international notices and their removal from databases by sending official requests to the Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF).
Contact us right now to receive an initial consultation and discuss further steps to protect your rights and interests.
